In this lab we will experiment with differential amplifiers and use a so-called `instrumentation amplifier' to measure your heartbeat. The instrumentation amplifier is a high-gain high-input-impedance high-CMRR differential amplifier.

Differential Amplifiers

A. Construct the following differential amplifier (figure 1) with R₁ between 4 and 6 k and the difference of V_a and V_b amplified by about 30. Build it in the center of your protoboard to leave plenty of room for later additions.

1. Connect b to ground and a to the signal generator, and check that the gain is about 30. With the difference signal set to zero (as shown in the common-mode test circuit, figure 2) test that the circuit attenuates or rejects a common-mode input signal V_cm , and measure the `gain' of the amplifier for a common mode signal. Use a common mode input V_cm = 10 V p-p at 100 Hz. Why is the output not zero?

2. Improve the common mode rejection by replacing part of R₂ in the non-inverting leg with a potentiometer (with the pot set to the middle of its range, the total resistance replacing R₂ should be equal to R₂). Adjust to maximize the common mode rejection; compute the new common mode gain. Sketch circuit. Why has the common mode rejection been improved?

3. The `Common Mode Rejection Ratio' (CMRR) is defined as the ratio of the signal gain to the common mode gain. Compute the CMRR of the above circuit.

B. Instrumentation Amplifier

4. Convert your differential amplifier to the classical `instrumentation amplifier' shown (figure 3) by adding a non-inverting amplifier to each input. Use 411 op amps for each of the non-inverting stages. Lay the circuit out neatly. Select the resistance values to give the amplifier an overall gain of about 600 to a differential input signal. Sketch circuit and test its operation by checking that all levels = 0 when the inputs are grounded (adjust R₅ so the output is less than a volt). Check to see that a common mode input is rejected (figure 2). Check to see that the gain is near 600. (If the circuit does not pass these tests, revert to trouble-shooting mode.)

5. Add the simple R-C band pass filter shown in figure 4 to each input to block d.c. signals from being amplified. This is called `a.c. coupling' the inputs. What frequencies will be passed by the coupling circuit?

WARNING! Before connecting any electrodes to a person make sure there is no voltage on any of them. A few mA's through the chest can stop the hart.

6. Measure your heartbeat by connecting an electrode (wire) to each filter input and holding one in each hand. Make sure all test inputs have been disconnected. You probably will need to wet each contact with saliva or salt solution to obtain a better contact. At what rate is your heart beating (beats/minute)? Sketch the beat wave form. (The more exercise you get the lower your resting heart rate will be. Below 60/min is very good. 72/min is average.)