Lecture Outline for Spring 1998

1. Wednesday 1/14

   • Introduction to Microprocessors and Microcontrollers.
   • Figures
     • Cruise Control Block Diagram
     • Cruise control flow chart
     • Simple microcontroller
     • Harvard architecture microprocessor
     • Princeton architecture microprocessor
     • Microprocessor memory map
   • Binary and hexadecimal numbers (Katz, Appendix A).
   • Figures
     • Binary, hex and decimal numbers
     • Unsigned number wheel
     • Signed number wheel (first attempt)
     • Signed number wheel (final attempt)
     • Number wheel with carry and overflow
     • Binary, hex, signed and unsigned numbers

2. Thursday 1/21

   • Signed and Unsigned Hex Numbers (Katz, Chapter 5)
   • Figures
     • Hex numbers can have a variety of meanings depending on the context
     • Hex representation of signed numbers -- two's complement form
     • How to take the two's complement of a number -- the one's complement table
     • Important things to remember when adding and subtracting hex and binary numbers
     • How to tell if an addition or subtraction generates and overflow
   • Introduction to the HC12 registers
   • Figures
     • Condition code register -- 8 flip-flops, four for hex arithmetic
     • The main 8-bit registers -- A and B
     • The main 16-bit register -- D (a concatation of A and B)
     • Simple illustration of an HC12 instruction -- ABA -- Add B to A

3. Tuesday 1/26

   • HC12 Memory Map (Technical Summary, Section 5.4; EVBU Manual, Section 3.8) and Addressing Modes (CPU Reference Manual, Sections 3.1-3.6)
   • Figures
     • 64 Kbyte memory space
     • Types of memory
     • HC12 Memory Space
     • Dividing memory betwenn program and data in the HC12 EVBU
     • HC12 Program Counter - used to keep track of which instruction to execute next
     • HC12 Adressing Modes - Inherent, Immediate, Extended
   • Assembly Language Programming
   • Figures
     • Simple program
     • Improved program with use of equates and labels
     • Assembler output of simple program showing op codes generated
     • Basic assembler directives

4. Thursday 1/28

   • HC12 Addressing Addressing Modes (CPU Reference Manual, Sections 3.1-3.8. Skip Sections 3.8.4 and 3.8.7))
   • Figures
     • HC12 Adressing Modes - Inherent, Direct, Immediate, Extended, Indexed
     • More on the indexed addressing modes.
   • Using the assembly directives dc and ds to create arrays.
   • Figure
     • Use of dc and ds
   • Introduction the jump and branch instructions (CPU12 Reference Manual, Sections 5.18 and 5.20)

5. Tuesday 2/2

   • HC12 Instruction Summary (CPU Reference Manual, Sections 5.1-5.27. Skip sections 5.4, 5.6 5,11, 5.14, 5.15, 5.16, 5.17, 5.19, 5.24, 5.27)
     • Table 5-1: Ignore LEAS, LEAX, LEAY
     • Table 5-2: Only use TFR, EXG, SEX
     • Table 5-3: Ignore all
     • Table 5-4: Ignore ADCA, ADCB, SBCA, SBCB
     • Table 5-5: Ignore all
     • Table 5-10: Ignore all
     • Table 5-13: Ignore all
     • Table 5-14: Ignore all
     • Table 5-15: Ignore all
     • Table 5-16: Ignore all
     • Table 5-20: Ignore all
     • Table 5-21: Ignore CALL, RTC. We will cover BSR, JSR and RTS later
     • Table 5-22: Ignore TRAP. We will cover RTI, SWI later
     • Table 5-24: Ignore LEAS. We will cover these instructions later
     • Table 5-25: Ignore all
     • Table 5-26: We will cover these instructions later
     • Table 5-27: Ignore for now
     • Table 5-28: Ignore
   • Programming in assembly language. Use of flow charts.
   • Figures
     • Flow chart symbols used in this class
     • spaghetti structure -- avoid this
     • do-while loop structure
     • while loop structure
     • if-then structure
     • if-then_else structure
     • if-then_else structure
     • Divide a table by 2 - first attempt
     • Divide a table by 2 - final attempt, with assembly program

6. Thursday 2/4

   • More on assembly language programming
   • Figures
     • Programming style and tips
     • Sum odd numbers in an array
       • Initial organization
       • Initialization
       • Flowchart of data processing
       • Details of data processing
       • Final flowchart with programming details
       • Final program
   • Introduction to the stack and stack pointer.
   • Figures
     • The stack and stack pointer in the HC12

7. Tuesday 2/9

   • To be posted later

8. Thursday 2/11

   • More on HC12 Hardware
     • Memory -- RAM, EEPROM, Flash EEPROM
     • Ports -- A/D, Timer, Serial, PWM, General I/O
     • Ports A and B, Data Direction Registers A and B
   • Introduction to C programming
   • Figures
     • Comparison of basic assembly language and C syntax
     • Simple programs in both assembly and C

9. Tuesday 2/16

   • More on C programming for the HC12
   • Figures
     • General guidelines for C programming
     • if(C) {A;} flow control
     • if(C) {A;} else {B;} flow control
     • while (C) {A;} flow control
     • do {A;} while (C) flow control
     • Function to implement a 1 ms delay
     • C program to implement a binary counter on Port A
     • C program to count the number of negative numbers in an array

10. Thursday 2/18

    • Exam 1

11. Tuesday 2/23

    • Introduction to the HC12 timer subsystem and interrupts on the HC12 (Technical Summary, Sections 9.1, 9.2, 9.6; Section 12)
    • Figures
      • Simplified diagram of the HC12's timer and timer overflow interrupt
      • Assembly language program to use the timer overflow interrupt
      • C language program to use the timer overflow interrupt
      • C language program set the interrupt vectors

12. Thursday 2/25

    • More on the HC12 timer subsystem and interrupts on the HC12 (Technical Summary, Sections 9.1, 9.2, 9.6)
      The Timer Overflow Interrupt (Technical Summary, Section 12)
      The Real Time Interrupt (Technical Summary, Sections 10.1, 10.3, 10.5)
    • Figures
      • What happens when the HC12 receives and interrupt
      • Example of HC12 state and stack before receiving a timer overflow interrupt
      • Example of HC12 state and stack after receiving a timer overflow interrupt
      • Simplified hardware of timer overflow and real time interrupts
      • Table showing setup needed before using TOF and RTI interrupts
      • Considerations for enabling interrups and clearing timer flags
    • The HC12 Input Capture Subsystem (Technical Summary, Section 12)
    • Figures
      • Simplified hardware of input capture subsystem
      • Program to determine the time between two rising edges using the input capture subsystem

13. Tuesday 3/2

    • More on the HC12 Input Capture Subsystem (Technical Summary, Section 12)
    • Figures
      • Guidelines for setting up and using the input capture function of the HC12
      • Program to determine the time between two rising edges using the input capture subsystem using interrupts
    • Introduction to the HC12 Output Compare Subsystem (Technical Summary, Section 12)
    • Figures
      • Simplified hardware of output compare subsystem
      • Using Port T 2 to implement a square wave with output compare

14. Thursday 3/4

    • More on the HC12 Output Compare Subsystem (Technical Summary, Section 12)
    • Figures
      • How to calculate time using the HC12 timer subsystem
      • Using the DBug-12 printf routine to print information to the terminal
      • Guidelines for using the Output Compare functions for Port T
      • Guidelines for generating pulse-width-modulated signals on pins 0-6 of Port T using OC7
      • Generating a pulse-width-modulated signal on pin 1 of Port T using OC7 and OC1

15. Tuesday 3/9

    • The HC12 Pulse Width Modulation Subsystem (Technical Summary, Section 11)
    • Figures
      • Overview of HC12 PWM
      • Clock selection for HC12 PWM
      • General setup for HC12 PWM
      • Example of clock setup for HC12 PWM
      • Program for generating 5.2 kHz PWM on HC12 channels 1 and 0

16. Thursday 3/11

    • Do not do something which takes a long time inside an interrupt service routine.
    • Figure
      • Print in main program, not in interrupt service routine
    • The HC12 Pulse Accumulator (Technical Summary, Section 12)
    • Figures
      • The Pulse Accumulator in Event Count Mode
      • The Pulse Accumulator in Gated Time Accumulation Mode
      • General setup for HC12 Pulse Accumulator
      • A C program to use the HC12 Pulse Accumulator in Gated Time Accumulation Mode
    • The HC12 Analog-to-Digital Converter Subsystem (Introduction) (Technical Summary, Section 15)
      • An inverting op amp amplifier
      • A summing op amp amplifier
      • A summing op amp amplifier using resistors related to each other by a power of two
      • A simple digital-to-analog converter using a summing op amp amplifier

17. Tuesday 3/23

    • The HC12 Analog-to-Digital Converter (Technical Summary, Section 15)
    • Figures
      • Slope A/D Converter
      • Successive Approximation A/D Converter
      • Sussessive Approximation A/D Converter with Track/Hold Amplifier
      • A/D Converter Setup for HC12
      • Guidelines for using the HC12 A/D converter

18. Thursday 3/25

    • More on the HC12 Analog-to-Digital Converter (Technical Summary, Section 15)
    • Figures
      • Program which uses the A/D converter
    • Topics for exam on Apr. 1

19. Tuesday 3/30

    • Review for exam on Thursday

20. Thursday 4/1

    • Exam 2

21. Tuesday 4/6

    • Introduction to the HC12 Serial Peripheral Interface (Technical Summary, Sections 13.3, 13.4)
    • Figures
      • Communication using parallel data transfers
      • Communication using serial data transfers
      • Synchronous serial communications on the HC12
      • Serial data registers are shift registers
      • Communicating with multiple slave devices using the SPI
      • Serial clock modes for the SPI
      • Setting up the SPI
      • Guidelines for setting up the SPI
      • C program for using HC12 SPI in master mode
      • C program for using HC12 SPI in slave mode

22. Thursday 4/8

    • More on the SPI and the MAX522 D/A Converter
    • Figures
      • Data sheet for MAX 522 D/A (PDF format)
      • Comparison of MAX 522 and HC12 SPI timing diagrams
      • C program for sending data to the MAX 522